Jan. 29, 2013 ? A protein associated with neuron damage in Alzheimer's patients provides a superior scaffold for growing central nervous system cells in the lab. The findings could have clinical implications for producing neural implants and offers new insights on the complex link between the apoE4 apolipoprotein and Alzheimer's disease. Results appear in the journal Biomaterials.
A protein associated with neuron damage in people with Alzheimer's disease is surprisingly useful in promoting neuron growth in the lab, according to a new study by engineering researchers at Brown University. The findings, in press at the journal Biomaterials, suggest a better method of growing neurons outside the body that might then be implanted to treat people with neurodegenerative diseases.
The research compared the effects of two proteins that can be used as an artificial scaffold for growing neurons (nerve cells) from the central nervous system. The study found that central nervous system neurons from rats cultured in apolipoprotein E-4 (apoE4) grew better than neurons cultured in laminin, which had been considered the gold standard for growing mammalian neurons in the lab.
"Most scientists assumed that laminin was the best protein for growing CNS (central nervous system)," said Kwang-Min Kim, a biomedical engineering graduate student at Brown University and lead author of the study, "but we demonstrated that apoE4 has substantially better performance for mammalian CNS neurons."
im performed the research under the direction of Tayhas Palmore, professor of engineering and medical science and Kim's Ph.D. adviser. Also involved in the project was Janice Vicenty, an undergraduate from the University of Puerto Rico, who was working in the Palmore lab as a summer research fellow through the Leadership Alliance.
The results are surprising partly because of the association of apoE4 with Alzheimer's. Apolipoproteins are responsible for distributing and depositing cholesterols and other lipids in the brain. They come in three varieties: apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4. People with the gene that produces apoE4 are at higher risk for amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the hallmarks of Alzheimer's. But exactly how the protein itself contributes to Alzheimer's is not known.
This study suggests that outside the body, where the protein can be separated from the cholesterols it normally carries, apoE4 is actually beneficial in promoting neuron growth.
Growing new neurons
In the body, neurons grow in what's called an extracellular matrix (ECM), a protein-rich scaffold that provides cells with nutrients and a molecular structure in which to grow. To grow neurons in the lab, scientists try to mimic the ECM present in the body. Laminin is a common protein in the body's ECM, and studies have shown that laminin aids the growth of neurons from the peripheral nervous system (nerve cells that grow outside the brain and spinal cord).
It was largely assumed, Kim said, that because laminin was good for growing peripheral nerve cells, it would also be good for growing central nerve cells. That turns out not to be the case.
Kim was inspired to test the effects of apoE4 by a previous study that found that a mixture of apoE4 and laminin promoted CNS cell growth better than laminin alone. "The previous work hadn't tested the effects apoE4 by itself," Kim said. "So we started working on a side-by-side comparison of apoE4 and laminin."
Kim and his colleagues cultured rat hippocampal cells -- a model for mammalian CNS neurons -- in four different treatments: laminin, laminin and apoE4 mixed, apoE4 alone, and bare glass. They found that cells cultured in apoE4 alone performed substantially better than any other treatment. The apoE4 cells were more likely to adhere to the protein scaffold, which is necessary for proper growth. They also showed more robust growth of axons and dendrites, the wire-like appendages that enable neurons to send and receive nerve signals.
Laminin doesn't seem to be of much benefit at all for culturing CNS cells, according to the study. Cells cultured on laminin alone did not perform any better than cells cultured on bare glass.
That was another big surprise, Kim said, because laminin is so widely used in all kinds of neuron cultures.
A second part of the research looked at the chemical pathways through which proteins may enhance neuron growth. Previous work had found two neuron receptors, the gateways through which neurons interact with the outside world, that play a role in how external proteins trigger cell growth. However, when Kim blocked these two receptors, known as integrin and HSPG, he found that apoE4 still enhanced neuron growth. That finding suggests that neurons use an as yet unknown pathway to interact with apoE4.
"This discovery opens up a new target for researchers who are interested in identifying receptors that are important for spurring neural growth," Palmore said.
Application to neural prosthetics
Unlike other cells in the body, nerve cells tend not to regenerate after being damaged by disease or trauma. So researchers hope that they can eventually implant lab-grown cells in the body to treat trauma or neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.
"People are looking at all these different proteins to see if we can make a material -- a scaffold -- that to a neuron, looks and feels like their natural environment," said Palmore. "The finding that apoE4 is a better protein to add to neural scaffolds is a good breakthrough because most people have been using laminin for the central nervous system models, which turns out to be less than optimal."
The research was supported by the National Science Foundation (HRD-0548311) and the National Institutes of Health.
Share this story on Facebook, Twitter, and Google:
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Story Source:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Brown University.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Kwang-Min Kim, Janice Vicenty Vazquez, G. Tayhas R. Palmore. The potential of apolipoprotein E4 to act as a substrate for primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. Biomaterials, 2013; DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.012
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Do you've got a web based corporation? Needless to say, determined by development of world-wide-web marketing, on the internet business has taken several advantages because you as on line business man can be simple to get beneficial media in marketing and promoting your both products and also services. It can be not effortless as you consider when you want to advertize along with market the products and also companies via internet for the reason that you'll acquire quite a few competitors which have similar on the web business with you. Even, in real marketing, you simply acquire competitors that near together with your business, but inside on the web marketing you might obtain competitors with all men and women who apply similar business within the world. As a result, it is actually wise regarding you to retain and boost online reputation management services in order the on the internet business can face various competitors appropriately.
Truly, you can find some major on-line businesses that have utilised reputation management company as great media for safeguarding, monitoring and also improving the on line business too as possible. Firstly, you might have to now exactly how reputation managements create safeguarding. Normally, they will investigate the the competitors of your on the net organization, locate the possibilities that will make the company has negative image along with protect your business in an effort to obtain positive image. If your on line business has gotten negative image, they will manage your on-line business with giving special treatment such as giving the great review.
Moreover, corporate reputation management in addition will make monitoring and improving your on-line business, so after you have bad evaluations, they will will certainly comeback all to the very best testimonials. As notification, it is actually vital for you to build positive image such as the very best reviews that exist in your on line business for the reason that you'll find so many costumers who want to invest in ones both products along with companies will certainly see the testimonials in the previous costumers, so they are able to determine it is good on the web enterprise that has valuable services or not. Immediately, if your online business has trustworthy critiques, you'll be straightforward to acquire a lot of costumers which come to your corporation. As a outcome, it really is crucial for you to join with reputation management in order to raise your income of your on line business as past as you possibly can.
Let?s build your positive image of one's on the internet business quickly by following this link of reputation management company.
A new role to develop games and applications using Windows 8 and to provide technical expertise to a growing team of mobile and game developers.
As a technical expert within our small, but growing team, you will be required to provide the team with technical expertise in Windows 8 and be prepared to share your experience to the benefit of the Company.
You will also be required to be fully involved in the total project life cycle of Windows 8 mobile application and game development, contributing from concept through design, development, testing and implementation.
We are looking for developers ?with a passion for gaming and experience of building games on other platforms, as well as experience with Windows 8.
Chris Brown (Getty Images)Frank Ocean (Getty Images)
Chris Brown's next hot date could be with a judge.
The controversial singer is being investigated for a possible assault in West Hollywood, the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department confirms. The incident stemmed from an argument with fellow singer Frank Ocean over a parking spot outside a recording studio.
Police responded to a call stating that six men were fighting outside the Westlake Recording Studio on Sunday. While the scene was clear when police arrived, the investigation determined that "the altercation allegedly led to Chris Brown punching the victim," the department said in a statement released Monday.
While the victim's name wasn't released by police, Ocean says he was injured by Brown, 23. "Got jumped by Chris and a couple guys," the "Thinkin Bout You" singer, 25, tweeted on Sunday night. While he made light of the situation with a "lol," Ocean ? who is up for six Grammys on February 10 ? noted, "Cut my finger now I can't play w two hands at the grammys."
?
An unnamed source told TMZ that as Brown was exiting parking lot after listening to a new track by an artist he represents, Ocean and his pals blocked the exit. "This is my studio, this is my parking spot," Ocean, who came out as a gay man in July, reportedly said to Brown. When Brown went to shake Ocean's hand, a fight broke out.
Brown and Ocean have a history of drama. In 2011, they had a war of words over Twitter when Ocean thought Brown insulted his singing abilities.
Brown posted this photo -- showing him working in the studio -- on Monday. (Instagram)Brown seemed to address the new drama with Ocean in a post on Instagram that went up Monday morning. "Working on my album. Not working on negativity," he wrote along with a photo showing him in the studio the day before. "Focus on feeding ya family. Bulls--t will forever be in the shadows."
Of course, talk of Brown allegedly assaulting a singer prior to the Grammys will make many people flashback to his violent attack of his on-again girlfriend Rihanna following a pre-Grammys party in 2009. He later pled guilty to felony assault charges.
Brown is still on supervised probation for the Rihanna assault, so he could face a probation violation if he is convicted of this new charge. He?s already on thin ice with the judge, who gave him a talking to in November after he failed a mandatory drug test.
This isn?t the only assault drama Brown has been involved with. In June, he was injured in a fight with hip-hop rival Drake and their entourages at a New York City nightclub. Brown fled the scene before police arrived during that incident as well. Ultimately, there wasnot enough evidence to criminally charge either star.
January 28, 2013, New York ? The Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), in collaboration with the National Lawyers Guild (NLG), the Student Speech Working Group and other organizations, today announced the launch of the Palestine Solidarity Legal Support Initiative, which will help ensure that Palestinian rights activists have the legal support they need to exercise their First Amendment rights and continue speaking and organizing.?
?This legal support initiative comes at a crucial time and responds to growing efforts to obstruct advocacy in support of Palestinian rights and brand it as anti-Semitic,? said CCR Legal Director Baher Azmy.??We are pleased to be working with cooperating attorneys Dima Khalidi and Liz Jackson and colleagues at the National Lawyers Guild to help protect activists? First Amendment rights.?
?
The initiative will track incidents of repression and provide legal support to advocates facing legal and other challenges to their activism.?Attorneys familiar with the issues that activists face will respond to questions related to Palestine solidarity organizing and to requests for advice and legal assistance.?The initiative also provides advocacy support, as well as trainings and other resource materials.
?
CCR and NLG stand with advocates for Palestinian rights as part of their mission to fight for human rights accountability more broadly.?Both organizations are dedicated to supporting activists and movements engaged in efforts to achieve social justice.?The Student Speech Working Group is a coalition dedicated to supporting the free speech of students advocating for Palestinian rights, and other Muslim and Arab student activists. ?The coalition includes the Asian Law Caucus, the Center for Constitutional Rights, the National Lawyers Guild, the Council on American-Islamic Relations ? San Francisco Bay Area, American Muslims for Palestine, Jewish Voice for Peace, and other individual lawyers and students.
?
Activists who have questions or need support can request help and resources by going to palestinelegalsupport.org, calling (312) 212-0448, or emailing [email?protected].?Attorneys cautioned that confidential facts about a situation should not be shared on the webform or via email. Attorneys working with CCR, NLG and other partners will respond to inquiries.?
The Center for Constitutional Rights is dedicated to advancing and protecting the rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Founded in 1966 by attorneys who represented civil rights movements in the South, CCR is a non-profit legal and educational organization committed to the creative use of law as a positive force for social change.
Cows graze in front of the Rosengarten mountain massif in northern Italy. Pasture grazing is practiced throughout the Alps.
Matthias Schrader/Associated Press
Cows graze in front of the Rosengarten mountain massif in northern Italy. Pasture grazing is practiced throughout the Alps.
Matthias Schrader/Associated Press
Herding cattle up the side of a mountain might seem like a lot of extra work, but for thousands of years, people have hauled their cows into the Alps to graze during the summer months. Why? It's all about great-tasting cheese.
In places like Italy, some traditional cheeses, like bra d'alpeggio or Formai de Mut dell'Alta Valle Brembana, can only be made with milk from mountainside-munching cows.
But in Italy, at least, the practice may be dying out. "Young people don't want to stay in the mountain because there are poor opportunities for work," so they often move to the city, says food chemist Giovanna Contarini of the Centro di Ricerca per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero-Casearie in Lodi, Italy. If there's no one left in the mountains to raise the cows and make the cheese, she says, "we risk losing an important product."
Contarini and her colleagues have been working to save these mountain dairy products. And fans of the cheeses say there's more than just nostalgia involved. It's not easy to define the flavor, Contarini says, but aficionados insist the cheeses do taste better.
There's also evidence that mountain cheese might even be a little healthier, containing, for example, more omega-3 fatty acids than cheese made from the milk of cattle raised on the plains.
The differences are definitely subtle, but researchers have figured out how to tease apart some of them. Recently, Contarini and her colleagues in Lodi even showed how to distinguish between cheeses made from cows pastured on two different sides of a single mountain. Her study appears online in the latest Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
Where cows live changes what they eat ? and that difference is detectable in the cheese made from their milk, says Contarini.
"In the mountain areas, the cows are free to pasture," she says. They mostly eat a mix of fresh grasses and other vegetation. Cattle raised at lower elevations in Italy, in contrast, are kept in farms and eat a prepared feed that contains dried grasses and some fat and vitamins. "Consequently, the rumen digestion is different," she says.
The rumen is the first chamber in a cow's stomach, and it's full of microbes. What a cow eats helps determine what microbes rumble in its rumen, and those differences play out in the chemical composition of its milk. "So some constituents of milk, particularly the fat and the lipid soluble compounds, are different," Contarini says.
Milk from mountain-raised cows also contains chemical compounds called terpenes, which come from little flowers growing among the grass. "In the plains cows, you don't find any terpenes," she says. Scientists aren't sure how or if terpenes affect cheese flavor, but they do consider them a marker of mountain cheese.
In her recent experiment, Contarini's group took milk from cows living on two sides of a mountain in northern Italy. Both pastures were mostly covered in fescue and bent grass, but they received different amounts of sunshine, and from different directions. One pasture also had a bit more yarrow growing in it than the other.
Milk from cows raised in each pasture was used to make a couple dozen wheels of local Asiago cheese. When the scientists analyzed the cheeses, they found they differed, just slightly, in the amounts of some hydrocarbons and trans fatty acids.
That wasn't enough to affect flavor, but it helps to validate methods that may one day be used to authenticate cheese made from mountain-raised cows, Contarini says. And while that could be helpful for consumers looking for the real thing, it could also help to show that there is real added value in these local, artisan cheeses, she says, and worth the effort of driving herds of cattle up into the Alps.
A Second Take on Meeting the Press: From an up-close look at Rachel Maddow's sneakers to an in-depth look at Jon Krakauer's latest book ? it's all fair game in our "Meet the Press: Take Two" web extra. Log on Sundays to see David Gregory's post-show conversations with leading newsmakers, authors and roundtable guests. Videos are available on-demand by 12 p.m. ET on Sundays.
SKY.FM Radio offers over 35 radio channels programmed by passionate channel directors from around the world.
Find your favorites among the best of each class ? be it Rock, New Age, 80s, Smooth Jazz, New Age, Top40, Hip Hop, Oldies, 70s, Reggae, Lounge or many others.
SKY.FM Radio channels play to thousands of people at any given time ? it?s what ?radio? is supposed to be! If you are tired of the lonely experience of some other apps, check this one out and see why people have been listening to us on the web for years.
For more information please see our site at http://www.sky.fm
FEATURES:
* Unique radio channels programmed by real passionate channel directors.
* Not sure which channel to pick? No problem, explore the Styles list with predefined groups to make discovery fun and easy.
* Stream music in the background and control audio from the lock screen or with external controls.
* Favorites to save your favorite channels for quick and easy access.
* Sleep timer.
* Set higher or lower stream bitrate preference for when Cellular vs WiFi is used.
* Optional buffer bar with data usage display. Great for tracking data plan usage and cellular signal issues.
* Share your favorite tracks and channels with friends on Facebook, Twitter, or by email.
* Optionally log in to Premium to switch to even higher audio quality and completely commercial-free streams.
OVER 35 CHANNELS ? CATEGORIES INCLUDE:
* Pop * Rock * 80s, 70s, Oldies * Smooth Jazz * Jazz * New Age * Easy Listening * Romantic * Classical * Piano * Urban * Ethnic * Special Others
Screenshots of SKY.FM Internet Radio 1.3.15 Android app
What's new in SKY.FM Internet Radio 1.3.15
Please remember to email [email?protected] for help with any issues you encounter. Google Play has no way for us to respond directly to reviews.
MOSCOW (Reuters) - Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's chances of retaining power are getting "smaller and smaller" every day, according to the transcript of an interview with CNN released by Medvedev's office on Sunday.
His remarks were the most vocal Russian statement that Assad's days could be numbered. But he reiterated calls for talks between the government and its foes and repeated Moscow's position that Assad must not be pushed out by external forces.
"I think that with every day, every week and every month the chances of his preservation are getting smaller and smaller," Medvedev was quoted as saying. "But I repeat, again, this must be decided by the Syrian people. Not Russia, not the United States, not any other country.
"The task for the United States, the Europeans and regional powers ... is to sit the parties down for negotiations, and not just demand that Assad go and then be executed like (the late former Libyan leader Muammar) Gaddafi or be carried to court sessions on a stretcher like (Egypt's) Hosni Mubarak."
Russia has been Assad's most important ally throughout the 22-month-old Syrian conflict, which began with peaceful street protests and evolved into an armed uprising against his rule.
Moscow has blocked three U.N. Security Council resolutions aimed at pushing him out or pressuring him to end the bloodshed, which has killed more than 60,000 people. But Russia has also distanced itself from Assad by saying it is not trying to prop him up and will not offer him asylum.
Medvedev made some of Russia's harshest criticism of Assad to date, placing equal blame for the escalation into a civil war on "the leadership of the country and the irreconcilable opposition". He also said Assad was far too slow to implement promised political reforms.
FATAL MISTAKE
"He should have done everything much faster, attracting part of the moderate opposition, which was ready to sit at the table with him, to his side," Medvedev was quoted as saying. "This was his significant mistake, and possibly a fatal one."
The wording of the interview suggested it was not just Assad's grip on power that was under threat, but his life. Medvedev's remark about the chances of his "preservation" diminishing came when he was asked whether Assad could survive.
Russia has repeatedly called on Western and Arab nations to put more pressure on Assad's foes to seek a negotiated solution, but Medvedev acknowledged that Moscow's influence on the Syrian president is limited.
"I have personally called Assad several times and said: conduct reforms, hold negotiations," said Medvedev, who was Russia's president until last May. "In my view, unfortunately, the Syrian leadership is not ready for this.
"But on the other hand, by no means should a situation be allowed in which the current political elite is swept away by armed actions, because then the civil war will last for decades," he said.
Russia has given frequent indications it is preparing for Assad's possible exit, while continuing to insist he must not be forced out by foreign powers.
Russia sells arms to Syria and uses a naval facility on the Mediterranean coast that is its only military base outside the former Soviet Union.
But analysts say its policy is driven mainly by President Vladimir Putin's desire to prevent the United States from using military force or support from the U.N. Security Council to bring down governments it opposes.
Don?t forget to visit the original author?s post here and leave a comment.
?
Can we be addicted to a computer? No, I don?t think we can. Addict is defined by the Oxford Dictionary as ?One who is addicted to the habitual and excessive use of a drug.? A computer is not a drug, so in fact I would tend to say that we can be dependent on what the computer offers us. Shotton (1989) spoke at great lengths about the misuse of the word addict or addiction in the context of computers. She concluded that the most appropriate word to use was dependency or its other forms. Dependency was explained to mean that there was a strong, compelling desire to do something. As the world grows and the influence technology has increases, we can expect to see more children becoming dependent on their computers. There is nothing wrong with using a computer or technology in fact it makes our lives a lot easier in many ways. However it is when someone becomes obsessed with something a computer can offer them that problems occur.
The use of technology in our everyday lives has increased dramatically, according to the Office for National Statistics, 77 per cent of UK households have a home computer. This means that over three quarters of the population have the potential to become dependent on the computers found in their homes. over the last few days it was stated on Sky News (2013) that the average cost of raising a child has rocketed to ?222,000, with one of the main reasons for this being children?s desire for technology such as laptops and tablets. The big question is why do people become dependent on computers or what they offer? There are many reasons to why people become dependent on computers, allowing them to become a major part of their lives. One reason may be a problematic family or social life. Many people find computers as a form of escapism. They are able to forget the real world for a while and immerse themselves in the fictional world portrayed in a game or website. Research conducted by Shotton (1989) showed that the majority of the people considered to be dependent on their computers had in fact family troubles. They had experienced negative relationships with either one or both parents. In addition to this she found that although not all of these people came from cold environments in terms of their household they did often have neglecting parents. Considering the social life of those dependent on computers, it was found that they were object based people. Dependents spoke about how they felt ?alien? from their peers and it could in fact be this feeling of isolation that has driven people to seek comfort or acceptance from their computer.
There are several different types of computer dependents, defined by why they are dependent on their computers. There are those that are networkers, people who use their computer to be social. Website such as Facebook and Twitter have dominated the internet in recent years and in some cases the lives of children. Although it is technically illegal for anyone under the age of thirteen to have a Facebook account, research shows that in fact a consumer reports survey showed that as many as 7.5 million Facebook users are under 13, and two-thirds of those children are under 10. This sparks another debate regarding the safety of children on the internet. However those children dependent on social networking find themselves glued to their computer screen waiting on the next notification or message from one of their friends. Friends which they may not even know personally. Another group would be those that work on their computers. These people who often show themselves to be ambitious careerists who would struggle to differentiate between work and play. For these types of people work and play are one as they get enthralled in their activities, indulging their need to develop their passion into a viable financial solution. Finally I want to consider the gamers, the people that are dependent upon the virtual worlds that many platforms such as PC, Xbox and PlayStation offer. Gaming worlds offer people a chance to leave the world they are in and embrace a new one. These worlds are at their mercy and this can provide these dependents with a feeling of control, a feeling that they may be unable to experience outside of their video game.
There are many negative effects and health concerns that accompany computer dependency; these can be divided into three categories; mental, physical and social. If we first consider a few of the mental effects a dependency on computers can have beginning with stress. Many dependents can get frustrated when a system isn?t working leading to stress, which in turn can cause someone to act out their feelings sometimes violently. Grif?ths (1991) felt that an addiction or dependency on computers especially violent video games does in fact affect children negatively and they tend to show increased levels of aggression. Research has found children to exhibit addictive behaviour towards their participation in computer game playing (Phillips et al, 1995), which can be a catalyst for many problems. On such problem that I experienced first-hand whilst on a teaching placement was sleep deprivation. Children can get so enthralled in their computers especially video games that they lose all track of time or will sit into the late hours of the night. This of course has a great impact the following day as children show signs of drowsiness and a difficulty concentrating whilst in school. This was ratified by research conducted by (Meijar et al, 2000) who concluded that quality of sleep has a ?substantial impact? on school functioning for children. Secondly there are also physical repercussions for having a dependency on games. Long extended periods sitting at a computer or hunched over a video games can lead to the development of a sore back, neck and even eye problems. Personal hygiene can also suffer as looking after your own body becomes less of a priority and spending more time on the computer increases. In addition to this there is also a link between computer dependency and obesity, researchers from The Children?s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University Hospital of Zurich published a study in the journal of Obesity Research in 2004 that establishes the link between computer dependency and childhood obesity. Finally another factor which suffers because of a person?s dependency on their computer is their social life. The user can gradually withdraw into a virtual world where by the dependent becomes more focused on the computer and places emotional value on what happens in an artificial world rather than in real life. Brod (1984) suggested that children?s ability to learn would become distorted and that they might develop and intolerance for human interaction. He believed the computer was used as a refuge for stress, preventing the development of a well-rounded personality by cutting the child off from other activities.
We are very quick to jump to the conclusion that computers and video games are bad; only hampering the development of our children, but it is important to understand the opinions of the involved parties. The main concern of parents is that computers will affect their children in a negative way; this was proven in the Byron Review (2008) when 79 per cent of parents thought computers may affect the behaviour of children. Researching various debates recorded online I found many parents commented saying things such as, ?It?s a waste of time? or ?They could be out playing football or working on their homework.? Other parents believed that there is no problem with children using computers as long as it is in moderation and does not affect other aspects of their lives. As a trainee teacher I found that computer dependency was not a big problem on my placements. There were children in my class who were obsessed with video games and games on their computer. In fact it would often be the topic of conversation during their lunch breaks and free time. However I found that this obsession never got in the way of their learning. A study conducted by (Gentile et al, 2004) with teachers found that computer dependency in children often led to more children confronting members of staff and they often witnessed a decline in their school achievements. On the 28th January 2011 BBC Radio Five live spoke to a young boy and his mother regarding his addiction to his computer and video games. The young boy described himself as feeling happy in his own world and stated ?I?d just get proper angry over nothing.? this interview highlighted some of the effects computer dependency has on children. The boy blamed the amount of time he spent on his computer as one of the reasons he become so dependent. In one study by Walsh (2000), a majority of teens admitted that their parents do not impose a time limit on the number of hours they are allowed to spend on their computers. Perhaps responsibility falls to the parents to regulate how much time children are allowed to spend on their computers, perhaps the blame for computer dependent children lies with them.
Children use their computers for a number of reasons, many use them for social networking, gaming and educational purposes. It is important that computers are not seen as detrimental to our children or their development. In fact if used correctly they can be one of the greatest tools at a child?s disposal, furthering their education. I feel that it is essential that parent regulate how long children are allowed on their computers but also guide their children. Show them new ways to exploit the capabilities of a computer.
Sources, References and Further Reading
Brod, C. (1984) Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution. Michigan: Addison-Wesley.
Byron, T. (2008) The Byron Review: Safer Children in a Digital World.
Gentile, D. A., Lynch, P., Linder, J. & Walsh, D. (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 5-22.
Griffiths, M.D. (1991) ?Amusement machine playing in childhood and adolescence: A comparative analysis of video games and fruit machines?, Journal of Adolescence, 14, pp. 53?73
Griffiths, M.D. (1993) ??Are computer games bad for children?? The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 6, pp. 401?7
Mark Griffiths. CyberPsychology & Behavior. April 2000, 3(2): 211-218.
Meijer, A., Habekothea, H. & Vandenwittenboer, G. (2000) Time in bed, quality of sleep and school functioning of children. Journal of Sleep Research. 9(2): 145-153.
Office for National Statistics. (2010) http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/family-spending/family-spending/family-spending-2011-edition/sum-consumer-durables-nugget.html
Phillips, C.A., Rolls, S., Rouse, A. and Grif?ths, M.D. (1995) ?Home video game playing in school children: a study of incidence and patterns of play?, Journal of Adolescence, 18, pp. 687?691
Shotton, M. (1989) Computer Addiction: A study of Computer Dependency. London: Taylor & Francis.
Sky News (2013) Cost Of Raising A Child Soars To ?222,000. [Online] Available at: http://news.sky.com/story/1042120/cost-of-raising-a-child-soars-to-222000 (Accessed: 25th January 2013)
Walsh, D. (2000). Interactive violence and children: Testimony submitted to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate. (March 21, 2000.) Available:http://commerce.senate.gov/ hearings/0321wal1.pdf (Accessed: 26th January 2013)
Don?t forget to visit the original author?s post here and leave a comment.
DAVOS, Switzerland (AP) ? Haiti's prime minister says his deeply poor country is aiming to attract high-end tourists and multinational investors ? instead of constant handouts ? to get on its feet after the devastating 2010 earthquake.
Prime Minister Laurent Lamothe recognizes that's an ambitious dream for a country where 52 percent of the population lives below the poverty line and infrastructure is desperately lacking.
In an interview with The Associated Press, Lamothe said Saturday that "Haiti is open for business." He's pushing that idea ? and a bid to build up Haiti's tourism industry ? in meetings with CEOs at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.
Haiti still has huge humanitarian needs, but Lamothe says the Caribbean nation does not want to live on international handouts forever.
Participants walk inside the Congress Center during the 43rd Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum, WEF, in Davos, Switzerland, Saturday, Jan. 26, 2013. (AP Photo/Keystone/Jean-Christophe Bott)
Participants walk inside the Congress Center during the 43rd Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum, WEF, in Davos, Switzerland, Saturday, Jan. 26, 2013. (AP Photo/Keystone/Jean-Christophe Bott)
Professor of Economy at the New York University, Noureil Roubini, gestures as he speaks during a session on Pundits, Professors and their Predictions, of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum, WEF, in Davos, Switzerland, Saturday, Jan. 26, 2013. (AP Photo/Michel Euler)
DAVOS, Switzerland (AP) ? Forget the endless debates about the euro or government debts. What does the future hold?
The World Economic Forum at Davos is always a showcase for new research, trends and ideas. Here's some predictions about the future from participants at the annual gathering of the world's elite:
WEATHER AND WATER
Climate change will lead to more and more extreme weather, which will cause tremendous economic upheaval, predicts New York University economist Nouriel Roubini.
"It's not just that New York is going to be underwater 30 years from now," he said, referring to the devastation caused last fall by Hurricane Sandy.
Oxford University physicist Tim Palmer ? who said as a scientist he preferred probabilities to prediction ? noted there is a 10- to 15-percent chance that the Earth will warm by 6 degrees Celsius within a century, leading to "catastrophic consequences for humanity" ranging from extreme weather to rising seas.
Vali Nasr, dean of the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, said many countries will start running out of water in the coming years.
"Water is the new oil," he said.
A TECHNOLOGICAL SURGE
Laura Tyson, a business professor at the University of California at Berkeley, said one of the great concerns should be "the employment effects of technology," with so many jobs being rendered obsolete by scientific or technological advances.
Discussions of such advances were everywhere at Davos.
Sebastian Thrun, a computer science professor at Stanford University and leader of Google's Self-Driving Car Project, said he thinks Google co-founder Sergey Brin's prediction that within five years driverless cars will be on the streets used by regular people is going to happen.
"It'll be a while before they're going to be mainstream, and there'll be all kinds of interesting questions coming about security, privacy, safety of the system as a whole," Thrun said. "But if they are available within five years for general consumers, I think within 15 years you ought to be able to buy one of those."
MENTAL ILLNESS UNDERSTOOD
Edward Boyden, an associate professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who directs a neural engineering research group, says new technologies for analyzing the brain will produce significant advances in fighting mental illness.
"Right now we know that certain cell types in the brain are impaired in schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder or autism," he said.
If scientists can develop new technologies to image the brain and control the brain's cells, he said "over the next half-century or so we should be able to really understand how these networks" generate emotion.
Then, in the case of mental illness, "we can insert information into the cells in order to re-sculpt their dynamics and fix what's broken," Boyden said.
Technology entrepreneur Eric Anderson said biotechnology and medicine "are eventually going to be information sciences, with your genes... will determine treatment."
THE LIGHTEST STUFF
Julia Greer, an assistant professor of materials science and mechanics at the California Institute of Technology, says the world is craving a useful, ultra-superlight material to work with.
Her research group collaborated with Hughes Research Lab (HRL) and the University of California, Irvine, to recently develop the world's lightest solid material. She predicted that in 10 to 15 years it will be used as fuel cell catalysts, as acoustic damping devices on submarines, as anti-reflective layers in solar cells, and as components of vehicles sent into space.
The new material, called a micro-lattice, is made up of tiny hollow tubes of nickel-phosphorous that are angled to connect ? and contains 99 percent air, Greer said. It can also be used for high-temperature thermal batteries, heart stents and blood clot catchers, she said.
On a related topic, Roy Johnson, the chief technology officer for Lockheed Martin, predicted huge advances in 3-D printing.
POWER TO THE PEOPLE
One of the most famous predictions is Moore's Law, named after Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, which says that computing power doubles every two years or so. It has proven stunningly correct so far, putting new technological devices in everyone's pockets.
But how long will this law hold? Paul Jacobs, the CEO of Qualcomm, said it's not so certain anymore.
The implications of effectively infinite computing power are staggering ? no more waiting for a power-up or a download; every song, movie and TV episode instantly available; and even the possibility of what scientists call artificial intelligence.
But Jacobs told The Associated Press that the law might be valid only "a couple of more generations."
"I'm worried. In the next couple of nodes we're going to stop getting those numbers unless somebody figures out something," he said.
YOUTH OF THE WORLD UNITE
Former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, now the U.N. special envoy for global education, said huge advances in the Internet and technology are enabling young people to connect with each other and "this is opening up the world in a way that has never happened before."
"Young people are beginning to see that the gap between the opportunities and rights they have been promised and the opportunities and rights that are delivered to them is wholly unacceptable," he said at a session on the forum's sidelines. "And the sense that they are being deprived of these opportunities and rights is, I think, going to be the big motivating force over the next few years."
Wow! 2nd-floor 3BR/2BA home with dramatic lake views & overlooking the park at 9 E Lexington Lane #E in Lexington Green at prestigious PGA National. The lushly-landscaped walkway with shade trees leads to the covered arched entrance & your spot in paradise. Once inside, the bright great room includes wraparound windows & sliders that lead to the screened lanai. The kitchen includes Italian granite countertops, stainless steel appliances, and a pass-thru to the dining room. The master has spectacular views & large walk-in closets. The master bath has His/Hers granite sinks & a tiled Roman tub. The spacious guest bedrooms share an updated Jack-n-Jill bath. The 3rd Bedroom/Office includes a built-in Murphy bed. The screened lanai is ideal for relaxing. Lots of light & newer flooring throughout. Includes a 1-car garage.
This entry was posted on Friday, January 25th, 2013 at 1:10 pm and is filed under PGA National, PGA National homes, PGA National homes for sale. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Sometimes buying two tickets is cheaper than buying one. Although it's more work and more inconvenient, building your own itinerary by buying a ticket to one city and then flying to your destination could save you a whole lot of dough?even half the price of a one-ticket trip.
The Wall Street Journal outlines this strategy and example savings. The reason fares are cheaper with this two-ticket strategy is often deals are only available from certain cities (usually international gateway airports):
The tactic can work best in summer when discount airfares are harder to find. For a June 11 to 18, the lowest round-trip airfare from Atlanta to Berlin was priced on Friday at $1,541. The New York to Berlin fare was $680. With discount competition between New York and Atlanta, the lowest round-trip are to JFK was $258. That is a savings of 39%, or $2,400 for a family of four.
As mentioned, the huge savings do come with a cost: You'll have to claim and recheck bags, go through security again, and make sure you have time enough to make your connection.
Still, this is something to consider if you want to save hundreds of dollars on your next trip.
A Trick for Cheaper Flights Hiding in Plain Sight | The Wall Street Journal
A Nevada woman named Mary Kay Beckman is suing dating website Match.com after being violently attacked by a man she was matched with on their website. Beckman, 50, dated a man named Wade Ridley in 2010 for a week until he stomped her head and stabbed her 10 times. How romantic! Mary Kay Beckman has ...
If the 170g Huawei Ascend D2 is a bit too imposing for your hands, then you may be curious to know of the Ascend P2, a previously teased smartphone that was just leaked by @evleaks. While there's no further info to go along with this image, it does show off a 13MP camera on the back of the phone, which makes us wonder how Huawei even managed to pack that into the sub-6.45mm-thick metallic body. A little digging around also showed that the company's Consumer BG CEO Richard Yu was seen fondling the P2 during a meeting back in December -- you can recognize the phone in the photo after the break. Naturally, we look forward to this successor to the Ascend P1 at Mobile World Congress next month.
According to Jim Salisbury of CSNPhilly.com, right-hander Roy Halladay threw 30 pitches off a mound Tuesday afternoon at the Phillies? spring training complex. The workout, which was overseen by pitching coach Rich Dubee, reportedly went well.
Halladay missed time last year because of a shoulder issue and posted his worst ERA (4.49) since 2000. But he didn?t need surgery, has not experienced any sort of issues so far this winter and is capable of bouncing back in a big way in 2013.
The 35-year-old must reach 225 innings this summer to trigger a $20 million vesting option for 2014. If the option doesn?t vest, Halladay will become a free agent.
A deal to buy of Argo Systems is SintecMedia's second acquisition in the space, after purchasing StorerTV earlier this month.
Looking to better serve the expanding world of pay TV advertising delivery and management across multiple display devices, SintecMedia, a provider of broadcast management software located in New York City, has acquired the assets of Argo Systems, an Atlanta developer of business systems exclusively designed for TV subscription services and multichannel video distributors.
The deal is SintecMedia's second acquisition in the space, after purchasing StorerTV (Milwaukee), a provider of media program and contract rights management software, earlier this month. The plan is to add both companies? technology to SintecMedia?s OnAir broadcast management platform to help streamline administrative and technical processes for the pay TV market across North America.
Argo Systems bridges the business needs of television networks and their counterparts on the cable operator side with its Medea and Nestor systems that it said are installed across more than 300 cable networks and operators around the globe.
Amotz Yarden, SintecMedia CEO, said that the acquisition of Argo Systems is key to a long-term company strategy of serving growing markets with a turnkey system. ?Argo Systems will increase SintecMedia's footprint and capabilities, boost our U.S. presence in terms of local support including software engineers, technicians as well as other professionals and delivery resources that will enable us to supply a greater array of broadcast and digital media solutions.?
For Argo Systems' President Doug Calahan, the deal will make his products available in more international markets than he was in previously and should spur additional growth in North America as well.
SintecMedia?s OnAir software-centric platform combines traffic, sales, and programming in a single framework that targets the simultaneous and often complex processes surrounding TV Everywhere business strategies by integrating linear and nonlinear capabilities and managing a full range of assets.
In addition to its OnAir product, SintecMedia offers OnRequest, a nonlinear system that manages programming, contract rights, ad sales and promotions; OnMedia, a media asset management system for managing the content; and OnRights, an enterprise system to manage traditional and new audiovisual media rights and royalties.
The company also provides system configuration, data migration, training, integration, support and maintenance, and project management systems. It serves customers in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Italy, India and Australia. SintecMedia Ltd. was founded in 2000 and is based in New York, New York. It has additional offices in Denver; Jerusalem; and Dolj, Romania.
Astrocytes identified as target for new depression therapyPublic release date: 23-Jan-2013 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Siobhan Gallagher 617-636-6586 Tufts University, Health Sciences Campus
Tufts neuroscientists find that starry brain cells can be used to mimic sleep deprivation
BOSTON (January 23, 2013) Neuroscience researchers from Tufts University have found that our star-shaped brain cells, called astrocytes, may be responsible for the rapid improvement in mood in depressed patients after acute sleep deprivation. This in vivo study, published in the current issue of Translational Psychiatry, identified how astrocytes regulate a neurotransmitter involved in sleep. The researchers report that the findings may help lead to the development of effective and fast-acting drugs to treat depression, particularly in psychiatric emergencies.
Drugs are widely used to treat depression, but often take weeks to work effectively. Sleep deprivation, however, has been shown to be effective immediately in approximately 60% of patients with major depressive disorders. Although widely-recognized as helpful, it is not always ideal because it can be uncomfortable for patients, and the effects are not long-lasting.
During the 1970s, research verified the effectiveness of acute sleep deprivation for treating depression, particularly deprivation of rapid eye movement sleep, but the underlying brain mechanisms were not known.
Most of what we understand of the brain has come from research on neurons, but another type of largely-ignored cell, called glia, are their partners. Although historically thought of as a support cell for neurons, the Phil Haydon group at Tufts University School of Medicine has shown in animal models that a type of glia, called astrocytes, affect behavior.
Haydon's team had established previously that astrocytes regulate responses to sleep deprivation by releasing neurotransmitters that regulate neurons. This regulation of neuronal activity affects the sleep-wake cycle. Specifically, astrocytes act on adenosine receptors on neurons. Adenosine is a chemical known to have sleep-inducing effects.
During our waking hours, adenosine accumulates and increases the urge to sleep, known as sleep pressure. Chemicals, such as caffeine, are adenosine receptor antagonists and promote wakefulness. In contrast, an adenosine receptor agonist creates sleepiness.
"In this study, we administered three doses of an adenosine receptor agonist to mice over the course of a night that caused the equivalent of sleep deprivation. The mice slept as normal, but the sleep did not reduce adenosine levels sufficiently, mimicking the effects of sleep deprivation. After only 12 hours, we observed that mice had decreased depressive-like symptoms and increased levels of adenosine in the brain, and these results were sustained for 48 hours," said first author Dustin Hines, Ph.D., a post-doctoral fellow in the department of neuroscience at Tufts University School of Medicine (TUSM).
"By manipulating astrocytes we were able to mimic the effects of sleep deprivation on depressive-like symptoms, causing a rapid and sustained improvement in behavior," continued Hines.
"Further understanding of astrocytic signaling and the role of adenosine is important for research and development of anti-depressant drugs. Potentially, new drugs that target this mechanism may provide rapid relief for psychiatric emergencies, as well as long-term alleviation of chronic depressive symptoms," said Naomi Rosenberg, Ph.D., dean of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and vice dean for research at Tufts University School of Medicine. "The team's next step is to further understand the other receptors in this system and see if they, too, can be affected."
###
Senior author, Phillip G. Haydon, Ph.D., is the Annetta and Gustav Grisard professor and chair of the department of neuroscience at Tufts University School of Medicine (TUSM). Haydon is also a member of the neuroscience program faculty at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts.
Additional authors are Luke I. Schmitt, B.S., a Ph.D. candidate in neuroscience at the Sackler School; Rochelle M. Hines, Ph.D., a post-doctoral fellow in the department of neuroscience at TUSM; and Stephen J. Moss, Ph.D., a professor of neuroscience at Tufts University School of Medicine and a member of the neuroscience program faculty at the Sackler School.
This research was supported by award number R01MH095385 from the National Institute of Mental Health, part of the National Institutes of Health, as well as by award number R01NS037585 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, both of the National Institutes of Health. Dustin Hines was partially funded by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Haydon is co-founder and president of GliaCure Inc., which has licensed a pending patent application filed by Tufts University claiming compounds that modulate the signaling cascades, and related methods of use, described in this paper.
About Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences
Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts University are international leaders in innovative medical education and advanced research. The School of Medicine and the Sackler School are renowned for excellence in education in general medicine, biomedical sciences, special combined degree programs in business, health management, public health, bioengineering and international relations, as well as basic and clinical research at the cellular and molecular level. Ranked among the top in the nation, the School of Medicine is affiliated with six major teaching hospitals and more than 30 health care facilities. Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School undertake research that is consistently rated among the highest in the nation for its effect on the advancement of medical science.
If you are a member of the media interested in learning more about this topic, or speaking with a faculty member at the Tufts University School of Medicine or another Tufts health sciences researcher, please contact Siobhan Gallagher.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Astrocytes identified as target for new depression therapyPublic release date: 23-Jan-2013 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Siobhan Gallagher 617-636-6586 Tufts University, Health Sciences Campus
Tufts neuroscientists find that starry brain cells can be used to mimic sleep deprivation
BOSTON (January 23, 2013) Neuroscience researchers from Tufts University have found that our star-shaped brain cells, called astrocytes, may be responsible for the rapid improvement in mood in depressed patients after acute sleep deprivation. This in vivo study, published in the current issue of Translational Psychiatry, identified how astrocytes regulate a neurotransmitter involved in sleep. The researchers report that the findings may help lead to the development of effective and fast-acting drugs to treat depression, particularly in psychiatric emergencies.
Drugs are widely used to treat depression, but often take weeks to work effectively. Sleep deprivation, however, has been shown to be effective immediately in approximately 60% of patients with major depressive disorders. Although widely-recognized as helpful, it is not always ideal because it can be uncomfortable for patients, and the effects are not long-lasting.
During the 1970s, research verified the effectiveness of acute sleep deprivation for treating depression, particularly deprivation of rapid eye movement sleep, but the underlying brain mechanisms were not known.
Most of what we understand of the brain has come from research on neurons, but another type of largely-ignored cell, called glia, are their partners. Although historically thought of as a support cell for neurons, the Phil Haydon group at Tufts University School of Medicine has shown in animal models that a type of glia, called astrocytes, affect behavior.
Haydon's team had established previously that astrocytes regulate responses to sleep deprivation by releasing neurotransmitters that regulate neurons. This regulation of neuronal activity affects the sleep-wake cycle. Specifically, astrocytes act on adenosine receptors on neurons. Adenosine is a chemical known to have sleep-inducing effects.
During our waking hours, adenosine accumulates and increases the urge to sleep, known as sleep pressure. Chemicals, such as caffeine, are adenosine receptor antagonists and promote wakefulness. In contrast, an adenosine receptor agonist creates sleepiness.
"In this study, we administered three doses of an adenosine receptor agonist to mice over the course of a night that caused the equivalent of sleep deprivation. The mice slept as normal, but the sleep did not reduce adenosine levels sufficiently, mimicking the effects of sleep deprivation. After only 12 hours, we observed that mice had decreased depressive-like symptoms and increased levels of adenosine in the brain, and these results were sustained for 48 hours," said first author Dustin Hines, Ph.D., a post-doctoral fellow in the department of neuroscience at Tufts University School of Medicine (TUSM).
"By manipulating astrocytes we were able to mimic the effects of sleep deprivation on depressive-like symptoms, causing a rapid and sustained improvement in behavior," continued Hines.
"Further understanding of astrocytic signaling and the role of adenosine is important for research and development of anti-depressant drugs. Potentially, new drugs that target this mechanism may provide rapid relief for psychiatric emergencies, as well as long-term alleviation of chronic depressive symptoms," said Naomi Rosenberg, Ph.D., dean of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and vice dean for research at Tufts University School of Medicine. "The team's next step is to further understand the other receptors in this system and see if they, too, can be affected."
###
Senior author, Phillip G. Haydon, Ph.D., is the Annetta and Gustav Grisard professor and chair of the department of neuroscience at Tufts University School of Medicine (TUSM). Haydon is also a member of the neuroscience program faculty at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts.
Additional authors are Luke I. Schmitt, B.S., a Ph.D. candidate in neuroscience at the Sackler School; Rochelle M. Hines, Ph.D., a post-doctoral fellow in the department of neuroscience at TUSM; and Stephen J. Moss, Ph.D., a professor of neuroscience at Tufts University School of Medicine and a member of the neuroscience program faculty at the Sackler School.
This research was supported by award number R01MH095385 from the National Institute of Mental Health, part of the National Institutes of Health, as well as by award number R01NS037585 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, both of the National Institutes of Health. Dustin Hines was partially funded by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Haydon is co-founder and president of GliaCure Inc., which has licensed a pending patent application filed by Tufts University claiming compounds that modulate the signaling cascades, and related methods of use, described in this paper.
About Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences
Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts University are international leaders in innovative medical education and advanced research. The School of Medicine and the Sackler School are renowned for excellence in education in general medicine, biomedical sciences, special combined degree programs in business, health management, public health, bioengineering and international relations, as well as basic and clinical research at the cellular and molecular level. Ranked among the top in the nation, the School of Medicine is affiliated with six major teaching hospitals and more than 30 health care facilities. Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School undertake research that is consistently rated among the highest in the nation for its effect on the advancement of medical science.
If you are a member of the media interested in learning more about this topic, or speaking with a faculty member at the Tufts University School of Medicine or another Tufts health sciences researcher, please contact Siobhan Gallagher.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.